Social Justice and Social Change Free Essay Example, 750 words

Social justice and social equity are important paradigms of democratic systems that necessitate ethically delivered actions of pubic administrators. Strong sense of responsibility and accountability of actions within public administrators become key issues for bringing about positive social change for social justice and fair treatment of people (Cooper, 2012). Effective decision-making based on ethics and moral compulsions are inherently linked to positive social change. It is especially true in the contemporary times of globalization and technology when the collective decision-making and public participation promote constructive social transformations that are accompanied by democratic values and social justice (Mittelman, 2002). Thus, globalization propels social change that encourages mutual cooperation amongst nations and understanding of cultural values so that social equity and fair treatment of people coming from different races, cultures, colors, and nationalities could be i mplemented. Social change propagated by external compulsions like globalization, technology, etc. has long-term repercussions for societies across the world because the change reflects not only the local or regional interests but encompasses the interests of global community. Globalization promotes inter-dependency of resources including goods and services and human resources thereby ushering in pluralistic societies with diverse cultures and ideologies. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Justice and Social Change or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The human competencies, therefore, evolve as crucial imperatives that require ethical decision making for a higher productive outcome. Moreover, Walzer, (2011) emphasizes the humanitarian values and equitable distribution of resources as they have emerged as major compulsions for promoting social equity across the world. They require ethical perspectives and a strong sense of equity for disbursing social justice for people across the world who are marginalized and require political actions from developing nations.

Cultural Myths About Gender And Sex Essay - 1484 Words

Are gender and sex in the same concept? This topic is complicated because countless people confuse these two as the same, but they are two absolutely different concepts. There are several Cultural Myths about gender and sex. Gary Colombo, who wrote: â€Å"Thinking Critically, Challenging Cultural Myths† explains that a cultural myth is a â€Å"shared set of customs, values, ideas, and beliefs, as well as a common language (3).† In â€Å"Sisterhood is Complicated† by Ruth Padawer, a contributing writer at The New York Times Magazine, she focuses on gender and social issues. Padawer shows various stereotypes about gender roles and sex, and how they form multiple cultural myths. Pawader also explains how there are positives to being transgender at an all woman’s university. Aaron H. Devor, a Canadian sociologist and sexologist known for research of transsexuality and transgender communities, he wrote: â€Å"Becoming Members of Society: Learning the Social M eanings of Gender†; but Stephanie Coontz, The Author of: â€Å" What we Really Miss about the 1950s† explains nostalgia as â€Å"a desire to return in thought or in fact to a former time in one s life, home, homeland, family and friends a sentimental yearning for the happiness of a former place or time (2).†The words’ gender and sex can’t be used interchangeably. However, all the cultural myths that people suggest that gender and sex are the same concept. Therefore aggrandized people should learn the difference between gender and sex and also theShow MoreRelatedIs Gender The Same Element As Sex? Essay1323 Words   |  6 PagesIs Gender the same element as Sex? This topic is complicated for the reason that countless people confuse these two as the same, but they are two absolutely different concepts. There are several Cultural Myths about Gender and Sex. Gary Colombo, who wrote: â€Å"Thinking Critically, Challenging Cultural Myths† who explains that a cultural myth is a shared set of customs, values, ideas, and beliefs, as well as a common language. In â€Å"Sisterhood is Complicated† by Ruth Padawer who is a contributing writerRead MoreSexual Identity And Gender Roles Essay1398 Words   |  6 Pagesin nature and intensity of how the sexes, gender, gender roles and gender stereotypes are differentiated. Before we get to understand how they are differentiated, it s good to first understand the meaning of each term. Sex is the biological and physiological differences between men and women, sex roles are the behaviours and patterns of activities that the men and women may engage in which are directly related to their biological differences while gender are the behaviours or patterns of activitiesRead MoreThe Sociology Of Rape Culture1524 Words   |  7 Pages  In feminist theory, rape culture is a setting in which rape is pervasive and normalized due to societal attitudes about gender and sexuality. The s ociology of rape culture is studied academically by feminists. There is disagreement over what defines a rape culture and as to whether any given societies meet the criteria to be considered a rape culture. The notion of rape culture has been used to describe and explain behavior within social groups, including prison rape, and in conflict areas whereRead MoreInformative Essay : Busting Myths About Race1312 Words   |  6 Pages Paskey April 26, 2016 Fuentes Short Responses Busting Myths about Race 1. The idea of race is real, but it is not biologically reality. Race is based on cultural perspectives that we as human beings use to identify persons around the world. â€Å"Science would favor Du Bois. Today, the mainstream belief among scientists is that race is a social construct without biological meaning† (Gannon) Meaning that there is nothing biologically real about race. And that it is strictly culturally developed. 2.Read More The Role of Women in American Society Essay1493 Words   |  6 Pages Women and men are nestled into predetermined cultural molds when it comes to gender in American society. Women play the roles of mothers, housekeepers, and servants to their husbands and children, and men act as providers, protectors, and heads of the household. These gender roles stem from the many culture myths that exist pertaining to America, including those of the model family, education, liberty, and of gender. The majority of these myths are misconceptions, but linger because we, as AmericansRead MoreWomen and Men Are Nestled Into Predetermined Cultural Molds When It Comes to Gender in American Society1509 Words   |  7 PagesWomen and men are nestled into predetermined cultural molds when it comes to gender in American society. Women play the roles of mothers, housekeepers, and servants to their husbands and children, and men act as providers, protectors, and heads of the household. These gender roles stem from the many culture myths that exist pertaining to America, includ ing those of the model family, education, liberty, and of gender. The majority of these myths are misconceptions, but linger because we, as AmericansRead MoreThe Third Sex in Eastern Civilization1357 Words   |  6 Pageslooking at certain topic such as Gender, sex and religion. Gender is defined as the cultural, behavioral, or psychological characteristics, typically belonging to one sex. Sex is the behavioral, functional and Structural characteristics that distinguish males from females; it is also the act of people (or animals) attempting to sexually reproduce. Western civilizations and religions have always been strict and less accepting when it comes to the conversation of gender and sex. It is usually something thatRead MoreGender Roles Of Women And Women1524 Words   |  7 PagesGender refers to the masculine and feminine attributes assigned to either sex. Culture and biology determine the moral, intellectual, and emotional differences between males and females. Biology par tially determines gender constructions of men and women. A woman’s ability to conceive or a man’s natural strength are all examples of biological gender. However, I believe a larger proportion of personal gender is formulated through cultural believes and values. Cultures create gender through social practicesRead MoreThe Negative Stereotypes Of A Child s Interaction With Barbie855 Words   |  4 Pages will help to shed some light on many other similar areas of interest. It also helped to further understand how a Barbie could possibly influence a negative stereotypical gender belief, aid in unrealistic body image development, and help keep girls oppressed. I was happily surprised with the outcome, but still pessimistic about the chances of their actions matching their words. I question if the parents will truly give a valid effort to change their child’s interaction with Barbie. It is unwise forRead MoreGender Equality Is a Myth3679 Words   |  15 Pageswww. academicjournals.org/INGOJ  © 2007 Academic Journals Article Dispelling the misconceptions and myths about gender Dumisani Nyalunga Corresponding author’s E-mail: dumisanin@ddpdurban.org.za Accepted 04 January 4, 2007 Prelude This paper seeks to clarify the meaning of the terms that are associated with gender, and equally so to unpack the concept of gender itself and elucidate the fact that gender is not tantamount to women and that it does not exclusively cater for women issues and concerns but

A Qualitative, Ethnographic Study Conducted By Goonan Et

A qualitative, ethnographic study conducted by Goonan et al. (2013) examined hospital waste prior to patient consumption. The purpose of this study was to understand reasons for hospital food waste before consumption and offer recommendations on waste minimization within foodservice. The subjects of the study included three hospital foodservice located in New Zealand. All three sites used a cook-fresh production system and conventional tray line service. The researcher first analyzed existing documents. These documents included company policies and plans, production and service materials, waste records, and quality assurance tools and records (Goonan, Mirosa, Spence, 2014). Food waste generation practices were observed under natural†¦show more content†¦The third hospital’s waste could not be quantified. Not all food waste is accounted for due to varying levels of waste system compliance amongst the kitchen staff. Consistency in waste measuring policies and procedures must be improved globally. All points of foodservice produced waste, but most was due to overproduction. It was believed that overproduction was largely due to inaccurate forecasting. The hospital setting is incredibly variable when it comes to total occupied beds and fluctuating diets; this causes forecasting to be a major struggle for the foodservice managers; the forecasting system must be enhanced in order to minimize waste. Eight focus group participants and all six managers attributed most of the food waste to improper portion control, but the researcher found that lack of portion control contributed minimally to the total food waste generated. Food waste during storage, preparation and production was nominal. Perceptions of food waste varied among the foodservice staff, while the managers focused more on the financial consequences of food waste, the kitchen staff focused more on the social consequences. Food safety and quality control were the main focuses during waste train ing at each site; there is a need to begin incorporating social and ecological values. More research should be conducted on how to improve forecasting and staff training in order to reduce waste. A strong attribute of

How Drinking Alcohol Affects the Brain Essay example

The topic I chose for my essay is how alcohol can affect the brain. I used Google and Bing as my research database. Initially I found a lot of information on drinking alcohol, but that covered every aspect of it. I wanted to incorporate as much information that I had found on drinking alcohol as I could. From drinking and driving, how people think when they are under the influence, to how alcohol affects the brain. I wanted to make sure I touched base with everything I had learned. I found the most obvious fact, that alcohol can be a very serious problem when not used responsibly. I wanted to try to present both side of alcohol, so I could chose and articles by people who were open minded. Not only can alcohol†¦show more content†¦The people being interviewed revealed more than 2,000 individual decisions that led to alcohol impaired driving. The decisions were then broken down into several categories as shown on the graph attached. Little is known as to what leads people to continue to drinking and driving. But as research shows, people do think, prior to drinking, how they will get home. It’s after they have already drank that they decide to get behind the wheel. Not only could someone driving under the influence affect a person, it could affect someone else on the road at the same time; it could affect the family members having to deal with the alcoholism and possibly death. Who knew alcohol did so much to the brain. It is a curiosity to many as to why people would drink and drive knowing they shouldn’t. People whom drink on a regular basis do not necessarily realize they are under the influence. It can be fun to drink and hang out with your friends, but if you choose to get behind the wheel of a car you could be making one of the biggest mistakes of your life. Why take the chance harming yourself or someone else? People who drink and drive for the first time, than more than likely will do it again if they made it home safely the first time. Drinking and driving is a choice many people make, unfortunately its the wrongShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Dangerous Effects of Alcohol1597 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol is a very serious and dangerous drug, although it is not treated this way anymore. College students have taken drinking to a new level in which, for many, is very scary. Alcohol is much more dangerous than many would think. Kids see a night of drinking as a great way to have fun and party but do not see the consequences. Getting drunk and even blacking out can lead to many problems. When alcohol is consumed in unhealthy amounts, it can lead to not only short-term effects, but long-termRead MoreCommunication Systems : Where Lies The Power Of Communication?1096 Words   |  5 Pagescalled alcohol, drinking alcohol, or simply alcohol is the principal type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, produced by the fermentation of sugars by yeasts. It’s focus on the effect of taking alcohol, especially on teenagers. When teenagers meeting with thei r friends or having party, maybe because of other people, maybe because of Instant Gratification or because of Misinformation, they may have some alcohol without adults in order to be more excited or ‘cool’. Having alcohol affects the nervousRead MoreEffects Of Alcohol On The Nervous System1280 Words   |  6 Pagescommonly called alcohol, drinking alcohol, or simply alcohol is the principal type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, produced by the fermentation of sugars by yeasts. It’s focus on the effect of taking alcohol, especially on teenagers. When teenagers meeting with their friends or having party, maybe because of other people, maybe because of Instant Gratification or because of Misinformation, they may have some alcohol without adults in order to be more excited or ‘cool’. Having alcohol has negativeRead MoreAlcohol Consumption : The Effects Of Alcohol On The Body1312 Words   |  6 Pages Alcohol Consumption: The Effects of Alcohol on the Body Thamara Jean-Jacques Professor: Nina Walker Biology 115 October 17, 2015 Lithonia Campus Abstract Drinking alcohol for a period of time or even binge drinking cause harm your heart. Alcohol increases the risk for heart attack, strokes, and hypertension. In 2013, a total of 71,713 people died of liver disease the ages ranged from 12 and older. Alcohol has also been known to affect the pancreas, large amounts of alcohol can confuseRead MoreWhy The Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered997 Words   |  4 PagesWhy the drinking age should not be lowered Alcoholism affects so many people in the United States due to accidents and much more but, many people say once teens turn 18 they should be able to do whatever they want, If they are able to vote, purchase nicotine products and become our troops, etc. So why not be able to drink? The drinking age has become a more controversial issue lately. There are many reasons of why the drinking age should not be lowered but if the drinking age was to be lowered toRead MoreTeen Alcoholism Is Driven By Example1150 Words   |  5 Pagessees someone else drinking, for whatever reason, and they imitate them to either save he or she’s pride and be â€Å"cool† or use is as e remedy to try to feel better about a situation they are in or to numb an unpleasant emotion they do not know how to deal with. affects the physical state of a young person, but also one’s current situations and relationships, and the outcome of he or she’s futures. â€Å"People who begin drinking before age 15 are four times more likely to develop alcohol dependence at someRead MoreDoes Alcohol Cause More Damage Than Good?1564 Words   |  7 PagesKayla Schneider Mr. Haug ENG 201-S02 March 17, 2017 Does Alcohol Cause more Damage than Good? â€Å"About 2 billion people worldwide consume alcoholic drinks, which can have immediate and long term consequences on health and social life. Over 76 million people are currently affected by alcohol use disorders, such as alcohol dependence and abuse† (Morean, M). Alcohol play a huge role is society. Alcohol is at family gatherings, celebrations, sporting events, weekend activities, and many more social gatheringsRead MoreShould The Legal Drinking Age Be Lowered Again?878 Words   |  4 PagesShould the legal drinking age remain at age 21? For almost 40 years most states voluntarily set their minimum drinking age law at 21, some states were 18 in accordance to the military age requirement (18) and the voting age. In those states, drunk driving and alcohol related deaths were increasing significantly. But it didn’t just happen in those states, it also happened in the bordering states called â€Å"blood borders.† As a result to these problems, President Ronald Reagan in 1984 signed into lawRead MoreEssay on Alcohol Abuse1701 Words   |  7 Pagesbe abused easily, alcohol is the most accessible as you can legally buy it in almost any city or town without interference if you are above the legal age. Easy access to alcohol is a key reason why alcohol abuse and alcoholism is such a common problem in America. In the United States, â€Å"alcohol abuse affects about 10% of women, and 20% of men. † The scary thing about alcohol is that it attracts and affects people from all socioeconomic backgrounds; nobody is immune to alcohol abuse. When you doRead MoreEssay on The Effects Alcohol Has On Teens1431 Words   |  6 Pagesteens drink alcohol because they think it is fun; however the problems it may bring are not so fun (Hyde 22). There over six times more teen deaths per year from alcohol than any other drug (O’Malley 30). Alcohol affects the body of teens as well as all of the developmental processes. A major issue of te ens drinking is that it increases the chance of becoming an alcoholic in the future; which leads to lowered self-control, impaired judgment, and lowered inhibition (Heath 12). Alcohol can completely

Methodology Section

Question: What is the Methodology Secation and Research Study ? Answer : Introduction The methodology section is a very crucial section in a research study. This sets the platform for the researcher to make effective adjustments in the study that helps the organisation to analyse the data that has been gathered and get suitable results from its analysis. The methodology section sheds light on the procedures and approaches the researcher has used to gather suitable data for achieving the desired outcome. This section of research methodology is important as it will highlight the different methods utilised on the present research and also the justifications for their utilisation. The investigations in a research are extremely important and the application of the right tools and techniques is important in this case (Glesne, 2015). The present section will discuss the key segments of the research methods used for the study like research philosophy, design, strategy, the choice of the data collection, and the data analysis tools which would help to complete the study Impact of financial stability on the sustainability of hospitality industry. It is important for the researcher to prudently choose the research methods and apply them strategically to make sure the right kinds of findings are received from the study. The research onion diagram provides effective understanding of the following discussion. Fig 1: Research Onion Research Philosophy The research philosophy is an extremely important part of the research method. It is extremely important for every researcher to understand the importance of research philosophy involved in a study. Research philosophy could be defined as the belief or notion of the way in which information and data about a particular subject should be gathered. The gathering of data stands to be important for a particular research, and hence it is important for the researchers and scholars to follow a particular belief about gathering data. There are number of research philosophies which are used by different researcher and the choice is mainly based on the kind of research that is being done. The most common research philosophies are positivism, post positivism and interpretivism (Mackey and Gass, 2013 p, 65). Positivism: People with positivist mindset believe that reality could be observed and described from the objective point of view. It is important to mention that people believing in positivist approach are largely practical and only believe in rational thinking to gather information about a particular subject. This highly emphasises on one single variable of the research and the predictions are made on the previously studied and gathered information. Positivism has had a long and successful relationship with physical and natural sciences. There have been long standing debate about its suitability and applicability of the positivist framework in the social science subjects (Denzin, 2012 p, 78). Post Positivism: This is comparatively a new approach to positivism and it could be said that it follows the philosophy of positivism to a large extent with trifle difference. The post positivist approach supports the amalgamation of both rational and scientific reasoning to support data gathering. Data gathering is the most important part of a research the post positivist philosophy allows the researchers to implement both commonsense reasoning and scientific reasoning to get the best possible data for the study (Flick, 2011 p, 47). Interpretivism: Interpretivism is more into interpreting subjects. The study of phenomena in their natural environments is the key to interpretivism philosophy. It is important to mention that interpretivism believes that scientists cannot avoid the phenomena they study and hence a subjective interpretation and intervention becomes essential in interpretivism. Realism: This philosophy believes that some perceptions in practice are completely ontologically free of conceptual schemes and understanding (Blumberg Cooper and Schiendler, 2011 p, 89). The present research asks to analyse the importance of financial stability in the sustainability of the hospitality industry and hence it will be effective if the researcher is able to gather data in the best possible way through the application of logical understanding. It will also be important to use different data sources to gather data which would enhance the efficiency of the data gathered. The gathering of data on logical grounds will help to analyse the data gathered properly and help to get best possible result from the analysis. Research Design Research design could be defined as the overall strategy of the research which helps to link each and every component of the research effectively to complete the study in a logical and cohesive manner. It is essential to make a proper decision about choosing the right kind of research design for a research in order to get efficient and favorable result from the study. Effective research design helps to drive the research in an effective manner and helps to achieve the objectives of the study properly. There are three key research designs used by researchers which are exploratory, explanatory and descriptive designs. The exploratory research design is mostly implemented in research where the researcher is focused on gaining new insights and revealing new results for the particular subject. This kind of research design is focused on using large amount of information and is expensive as well that prevents most of the academic researches to use exploratory design of research. On the othe r hand the descriptive design is effective in describing a phenomenon and analysing variables properly to support the existing study and literature on the same topic and also justifying them properly (Pickard, 2012 p, 55). The explanatory research design is effective in explaining a particular research topic effectively which even though time consuming but achieves the objectives of a study. In the present study there are two different variables which are financial stability and sustainability. Both these variables are broad variables and need significant description which would help to link them properly in the research and understand the cause and effect of one on the other (Green, Camili and Elmore, 2012 p, 56). Hence the present research will be done with the help of the descriptive research design which will help to plan the research study and structure in a systematic manner to get favorable research results from the study effectively. The research aims to focus on understanding the relationship between the financial stability for the sustainability in the hospitality industry. Research Approach Research approach could be defined as the systematic movement of a research to establish facts and principles on a given subject of study. Research approach is the basic movement of the research to get favorable results from a study. There are basically two different types of research approach namely: Inductive approach and deductive approach of research. Inductive approach: The inductive approach is mainly based on qualitative analysis process to get results from the research. The inductive approach is focused on using research questions to narrow the scope of the study and is concerned with the generation of new theory and information. The inductive approach of research moves from specific observations to generate general findings (Robson, 2011 p, 109). Deductive approach: The deductive approach is just the opposite of the inductive approach. This kind of approach starts with a hypothesis rather than following research questions and moves from general observations to get specific findings which is suitable to study a particular phenomena. The deductive approach uses quantitative analysis techniques in order to get results from the study (Miller et al, 2012 p, 44). The involvement of the two variables in the present study is broad and needs to be analysed effectively by the researcher. As the present study does not aim to generate new theories or information and is focused on analysing the existing literature and theories the deductive approach is the best option to choose for the present research study. In the following research findings are achieved through the analysis of the general answers of the chosen respondents which helps to come to a conclusion regarding the sustainability in the hospitality industry. The deductive approach is suitable for the present study as it will help to complete the study within the stipulated time as well as within the limited available resources. Overall it could be concluded that as the research study has been able to apply general observation to get specific results the deductive approach has been effective for the study. Research Strategy Research strategy could be defined as the basic blueprint of the study. The research strategy is the plan based on which the study would be taken further by the researcher. This is the strategic idea of the research that helps the researcher to move systematically towards the achievement of the research objectives. There are various kinds of research strategy which are used by different researchers in different research. Experiments in laboratories, scientific research, simple observations, empirical research, interviews, surveys and case study based research. Lab experiments help the researchers to understand the relationship between the different variables directly which helps them to get the best possible results from the study. In lab experiments small numbers of variables are studied intensively within a developed laboratory system. This kind of strategy is implemented with the help of quantitative analysis techniques that helps to make a generic statement about the real life scenario (Reynolds et al, 2014 p, 89). Case study strategy is mainly used for research done on a particular company. It is important to mention that case study strategy is effective in ensuring effective result for the organisation on which the research has been done. This not only helps to analyse the case study organisation but it also helps to understand the trend in the market and how it will affect the market conditions. Hence the case study strategy is suitable for a research on a particular organisation. Interview strategy is mainly focused on gathering information from the chosen respondents with the application of interview. A few relevant questions are developed in order to interview the different chosen respondents which help to gather the right kind of information from them which is largely helpful in coming to a conclusion from the study (Kirkova et al, 2011 p, 23). Survey strategy is another commonly implemented strategy in research. The survey strategy is a process of analysing a given populace or a market environment through survey questionnaire helping to get effective insights from the study (Cameron, 2009 p, 56). The present study is following a deductive approach which helps to do a research on the existing literature and theories. It is important to mention that deductive study is done best with the quantitative analysis technique and hence for that the interview research strategy would be the best strategy to follow in this research. It has helped to interview different entities that have helped to get the best possible insights based on the aspects of sustainability and financial stability. Overall it could be said that the interview strategy has helped to get suitable results from the study. Sampling Method Sampling is one of the key aspects in the research study. Effective sampling helps a research to reach the pinnacle of success, on the other hand failing to choose a right sample size could affect the results found from the research and hence it is important for a researcher to use the right sampling method to choose sample size. There are different kind of sampling method like probability sampling, non probability sampling and Stratified sampling. The probability sampling is a kind of random sampling which is applied on a given populace to choose respondents for the study (Brinkmann, 2014 p, 98). On the other hand non probability sampling is a form of convenient sampling which means choosing the respondents in a biased way from a given sample size and finally stratified sampling is a process of sampling where the researcher divides a given sample size into two halves and then from the each group respondents will be chosen applying the probability sampling method. As the present study is an academic one the time allotted for the study is small the researcher has applied non probability convenient sampling to choose respondents for the research which is easy and time effective (Cooper and Schindler, 2010 p, 76). The present study is a much more analytical study and the data gathering has to be highly relevant. The impact of financial stability on the sustainability could only be understood with the help of the managers as they are able to understand the market conditions and hence the choice of managers had to be made. The subjects for the study have been mainly chosen from the personal contacts. The subjects have been recruited through personal interactions through one of the personal acquaintances who have helped to communicate with the subjects chosen and to reach the managers of the different hotels. There have been rigorous communications which has helped to convince them to take part in the study. Sample Size The sample size chosen for the present study is 10 managers. This sample will help to get proper idea about the impact of financial stability in establishing sustainability in the hotel industry in Saudi Arabia (Panneerselvam, 2014). The researcher has chosen the above sample size because it is sufficient to address the research objectives. The present research is mainly to understand the trend and the impact of the financial stability on sustainability of the hospitality industry and the suggestions of managers would be more or less same. It is also important to mention that in this case the sample size has been chosen from the different hotels of Saudi Arabia and not from one or two hotels and hence there is no possibility that managers will have similar view as they are working for the same company. 10 managers as a sample size from different hotels will be big enough to understand the financial trends of the hotels and the industry and hence it will also help to understand the im pact of financial stability as the data would come from different company which more or less help to understand the industry trend effectively. Data Collection Method Data Collection is the most important aspect in the research study. It has to be done in the best possible way for the best interest of the research. It is stated that the success of the research relies on the data collection and hence it is important for the researcher to collect data in the best possible manner. There are two major methods of collecting data namely: primary and secondary data collection. The primary data is the first hand data which is collected through different primary techniques like interview, survey, focus group study et cetera. On the other hand the secondary data collection techniques involves gathering of data from all kinds of secondary sources like journals, articles, books, existing research, online sources et cetera (Corbetta, 2009 p, 78). The present study has been done with the help of both primary and secondary data. The primary data has been collected with the help of interview questionnaire applied on the 10 managers of the different hotels of Saudi Arabia. On the other hand the secondary data has been collected from the different secondary sources like online sources, journals, books et cetera which has been integrated in the literature review section in order to get the best possible result. Data Analysis Plan There are two different ways of analysing gathered data namely: quantitative and qualitative analysis. The quantitative analysis is mainly numerical and statistical which is done with the help of tools like SPSS, MS Excel, and Correlations Table. On the other hand the qualitative analysis is done with the help of thematic analysis. In the present study the data gathered is mainly descriptive in nature that has helped the researcher to apply qualitative analysis tool and hence the present gathered has been collated and descriptive analysis have been implemented on it (Kothari, 2011). Ethical Considerations The present study has been done by undertaking different ethical considerations. Firstly the respondents have been convinced about taking part in the study by making them understand the subject studied. The data protection act has been considered while gathering any kind of data, the confidentiality aspect have been taken into account while communicating with the respondents. On the other hand it has been promised that no information shared by them would be used commercially and will only be used for academic purposes. The permission from appropriate authorities of the different hotels has also been taken in order to communicate with their managers (Gulati, 2009). For instance the subjects or respondents chosen for the research have been kept secret and their personal information has not been used anywhere with the research report and in this way confidentiality has been maintained. Normally the respondents were skeptical of giving away information it has been promised that the data gathered will not be used in any other works and the anonymity of the subjects have also been promised and hence by no chance their identities will be revealed which may harm the subjects and their professional career. The questionnaires sent to them had been kept completely objective and subject related and no offensive, discriminatory or unacceptable languages have been used which would give them respect and will also hold their professional integrity in place. The study was organised after a complete discussion with the respondents and with their complete consent. As per the data protection act the individual will not be recognised for giving away data relevant to the research which would help to keep privacy of their identity effectively. The researcher will also be responsible for any kind of data spillage that causes revelation of identity. Hence it could be said in the above discussed ways ethical considerations have been put to use. Research Limitations There are number of limitations that the present research faced. Firstly, this is an academic research and hence financial constraint played a huge role in not getting access to certain data sources, on the other hand the framing of the research had to be done prudently in terms of managing time as the institution is stringent about providing time for the research. On the other hand since time was small and the respondents involved in the research were highly busy getting their time became a big issue that had to be coped with (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault, 2015 p, 67). Future Scope of research The study has faced number of hurdles especially time and finance which has not allowed the researcher to investigate the broader sections of sustainability and financial stability with reference to the hotel Industry in Saudi Arabia and hence it could be said that the present research still allows room for the future research done on the relevant subject (Gordon, 2009 p, 80). Reference list Aljaziracapital, 2017.Saudi Hospitality Sector Report [online] Available at: https://www.aljaziracapital.com.sa/report_file/ess/SEC-196.pdf [Accessed 3 Feb. 2017]. Baum, T., Cheung, C., Kong, H., Kralj, A., Mooney, S., Nguy?n Th? Thanh, H., Ramachandran, S., Dropuli? RuÃ… ¾i?, M. and Siow, M.L., 2016. Sustainability and the tourism and hospitality workforce: a thematic analysis.Sustainability,8(8), p.809. Blumberg, B., Cooper, D. R., Schindler, P. S. 2011. Business research methods. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Brinkmann, S., 2014. Interview. InEncyclopedia of Critical Psychology(pp. 1008-1010). Springer New York. Bruns-Smith, A., Choy, V., Chong, H. and Verma, R., 2015. Environmental Sustainability in the Hospitality Industry: Best Practices, Guest Participation, and Customer Satisfaction.. Cameron, R. 2009. 'A sequential mixed model research design: design, analytical and display issues', International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches, 3(2), 140-152, Castro, C., 2016. The Impact of the Great Recession and Eurozone debt crises on Portuguese Tourism.European Journal of Applied Business and Management,2(1). Cooper, D. and Schindler, P. S. 2010. Business Research Methods, 11th ed. London: McGraw-Hill. Corbetta, P. 2009 Social Research: Theory, Methods and Techniques, 4th ed. London: Sage Publications Denzin, N. K. 2012. Triangulation 2.0. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 6(2), 80-88. Flick, U. 2011. Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. 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Crisis Impact on Sustainability Reporting

Question: Discuss about the Crisis Impact on Sustainability Reporting. Answer: Introduction This study aims to identify the actual liabilities of the auditors in the current as well as past business context. In the beginning, the study focuses on the liabilities of the auditors in the general context. After that, the discussion in the study moves towards the liabilities that the auditors in the business organizations had during the global financial crisis. During the discussion, special emphasis is made on the incident of Lehman Brothers collapse during the global financial crisis in 2008. Critical analysis is made on the situation in order to identify the issues or loopholes that the auditors must avoid during auditing. Discussing on the concept of auditors liability In the words of Hall, Judd and Sunder (2016), the auditors in a business organization are liable for the providing the assurance that the financial and other operational information provided by the organization are true and fair. At the same time, the auditors of the companies are also liable to prevent any kind of financial fraud within the companies. The financial experts says that auditing is the essential work, which provides the assurance that the financial reports of the companies are disclosing true and fair view of the companies financial positions. Whittle, Mueller and Carter (2016) noted an auditor must be completely aware of the liabilities of detecting the financial frauds and mistakes in the financial reports of the firms. An auditor is liable for conducting mainly two types of audits internal audit and statutory audit. Though, in these two types of audits, the liabilities of the auditors are not different. In the internal audit, the auditors liability is to investigate or check the financial and operational documents and reports of the particular departments in the organization. The internal audit can be divided into three sub-categories product audit, process audit and system audit (Chen, Krishnan and Yu 2016). In case of product audit, the auditors check whether the products of the company are as per the required quality or not. In the process audit, the auditors check the operational process within the organization and in case of the system audit, the auditing is done on the management system. On the other side, in case of the statutory audit, the auditors are liable to check the financial reports and other operational documents of the company at the end of the financial year (Geiger, Raghunandan and Riccardi 2013). The statutory audit can be done on periodic basis. According to Antonia Garca-Benau, Sierra-Garcia and Zorio (2013), auditing is one of the most important activities for the business organization. Hence, the liability of the auditor is huge in case of maintaining the sustainability of the organizations. General liabilities of the auditors According to Sikka (2015), an auditor is liable for planning and executing the audit program in order to identify whether the financial statements presented by the company includes any misinterpretation or not. The auditor is also liable for providing personal opinion regarding the financial position and reporting standards of the company. Many times people think that fraud detection is the only liability that auditors have, but in actual sense auditors have many other responsibilities or liabilities like, identifying the risks involved in the financial statements or reports of the company, providing the guidance to the companies regarding the accounting techniques and expressing their views regarding the financial position of the company (Geiger, Raghunandan and Riccardi 2013). An auditor is liable for conducting different kinds of activities. In order to perform the proper auditing, the auditors must take care of the following liabilities: An auditor is one of the most liable persons for maintaining the transparency level in the financial reporting of the company. The auditors must investigate about the organization and its business activities by asking several questions to the employees and management personnel of the company. At the same time, the auditors are also liable for understanding the internal control system of the company through proper investigation (Hall, Judd and Sunder 2016). It is the liability of the auditors to perform an examination in order to verify each transaction took place within the company in a particular financial year. Along with the financial statements, the auditors are also responsible for testing the other documents related to the other business activities of the company. The auditors also require examining the supporting documents for financial reports or statements (Ntim, Lindop and Thomas 2013). The auditors of a company are also liable for confirming the reliability of each of the ledger accounts in the financial records of the company. Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be said that therefore several activities for which the auditors of the companies are liable. The above mentioned responsibilities make the job of auditing critical but it helps providing proper assurance to the company regarding their financial position in a financial year. Global financial crisis and auditors liability In the above discussion, it has been identified that in a business organization, the auditors have huge liability and the future of the business depends on the extent to which the auditors are aware of their liabilities. However, in this context Sikka (2015) stated that the business organizations may face several problems if the auditors do not play active role in the field of auditing. If the incident of global financial crisis in 2008 is considered, then it can be identified that many financial experts have stated that the big audit firms like, KPMG, PWC and Deloitte were responsible for the global financial crisis. In the words of Garca-Benau, Sierra-Garcia and Zorio (2013), the big audit firms played their role within the legal boundary but that was not up to the standard or as per the requirements. In support of this, Ntim, Lindop and Thomas (2013) noted that the global financial crisis took place because of weak communication between the large audit firms. The audit firms, which were responsible for the audit in banks, did not share important information regarding the financial positions of the banks in UK. On the contrary, Geiger, Raghunandan and Riccardi (2013) commented that auditors were not primarily responsible for the global financial crisis or financial crisis in the banks in UK and USA. The financial crisis primarily took place because of the wrong decisions taken by the banks regarding the lending and investing, wrong understanding regarding the risk factors and wrong credit rating system. Though the auditing firms or the auditors were not primarily responsible for the global financial crisis, still it cannot be said that the auditors played their role actively. After the global financial crisis in 2008, the head of PwC, US stated that the auditors of the companies before the financial crisis should have guided the companies regarding the improvements of the financial reporting. At the same time, Geiger, Raghunandan and Riccardi (2013) mentioned that before the financial crisis, the auditors also showed less effort on analyzing the valuations techniques applied by the banks and other large financial organizations. Before the financial crisis, the large banks in US and UK held huge amount of questionable assets like, collateralized obligations on the balance sheet or mortgage-backed securities. However, the auditors did not bother to check those questionable assets and their valuation techniques and guide the banks in order to improve their actual financial positions (Chen, Krishnan and Yu 2016). In the investigation after the global financial crisis, it has been identified that during the crisis period, most of the banks and other financial institutions valued their assets as per their own models. Though the banks and financial institutions were audited by the same audit firm, the audit firm did not mention anything about the differences in the assets valuation models of the organizations. For example, Goldman and AIG both valued their assets in their own assets valuation models and faced huge losses during the crisis. These two organizations were audited by the same audit firm that is PwC, bu t PwC did not mention that two firms were following different assets valuation models (Ft.com 2017). Therefore, the above discussion is indicating that in the legal sense, the job of the audit firm was proper during the financial crisis but technically the job done by the audit firms had loopholes. These loopholes in the activities of the audit firms took place because of the negligence. The negligence of the audit firms influenced the global financial crisis to high extent. The situation can be better understood if the case of any particular company during the crisis period is considered. Below, the analysis is done based on the particular case of Lehman Brothers collapse during the period of global financial crisis. Analyzing the liability of auditors in the collapse of Lehman Brothers In the above discussion, it has been identified that the negligence of the auditors was one of the major reasons behind the global financial crisis. If the particular case of Lehman Brothers is considered, then it can be identified that the auditor of Lehman Brothers was Ernst Young. After the collapse of Lehman Brothers, it has been argued by many financial analysts or experts that Ernst Young has not shown proper professionalism while auditing the financial reports of Lehman Brothers. However, in this context, Wiggins, Bennett and Metrick (2014) stated that before the global financial crisis, it was approved by the government that auditors of any firm will have limited liabilities. The audit firms were engaged with the organizations as per the LLP law. This particular law allowed the audit firms taking the liability of their client firms only to certain extent. Jones and Presley (2013) commented that the limited liability partnership actually influenced the negligence of the audit firms. In the investigation, it was identified that the financial interpretation done by Lehman Brothers was not proper. However, Ernst Young failed rather neglected this factor. At the same time, Kershaw and Moorhead (2013) noted that the structure of the business activities of the company was much complex as well as low standard, but the audit firm that is Ernst Young did not suggest anything to the company. Wiggins and Metrick (2014) argued that Lehman Brothers showed healthier financial position by misinterpreting the financial statement. This was not a tough job for Ernst Young identifying the factor that the financial statements of Lehman Brothers were misinterpreted. Wiggins, Piontek and Metrick (2014) commented that the tactics applied by Lehman Brother to hide their actual financial position were known to Ernst Young, but the audit firm did not bother to investigate further on the financial reporting standards applied by Lehman Brother. Due to this, the Repo 105 used by the firm was not disclosed. However, Mahon (2015) mentioned that it is not right to consider Ernst Young responsible for the collapse of Lehman Brothers because the audit firm that is Ernst Young checked the financial reporting of Lehman Brothers and it was identified by the firm that Lehman Brothers prepared and presented by financial reports as per the rules and regulations in GAAP (Generally Accepted Account ing Principles) (The Guardian 2017). However, on the contrary, Lubben and Woo (2014) stated that certain reduction in the gearing ratio of Lehman Brothers by 0.9 should have captured the attention of Ernst Young regarding the financial reporting of the company. In support of this, Presley and Jones (2014) noted that no questions were raised from the end of Ernst Young regarding the sudden change in the gearing ratio of the company. At the same time, Gottschalk (2015) suggested that the regulatory framework in the country in respect to accounting and finance was much weak, which created the scope of doing financial fraudulence by different large financial and other institutions or organizations. In the analysis of the particular case of Lehman Brothers collapse, it can be said that the audit firm or Ernst Young performed their job without taking any actual responsibility. The overall aim of auditing was not met by Ernst Young. After auditing, it is the duty of the auditors to provide their opinion regarding the financial reporting and financial statements of the company (Nguyen 2016). The auditor can provide the opinion only after checking each document of the company carefully. However, after the collapse of Lehman Brothers and global financial crisis, it has been mentioned by the governments of different countries that while auditing the financial statements and reports of any company, it is the duty of the auditors to check each transaction in detail. The responsibility of the auditors is not limited to the certain extent. It is possible that though the companies have followed the rules and regulations stated under GAAP, there are misinterpretations or manipulation of t he financial statements (Lwaltd.com 2017). Therefore, it is the responsibility of the auditors to provide their opinion after checking the financial information of the company thoroughly. Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be said that the audit company Ernst Young was partially liable for the collapse of Lehman Brothers. Ernst Young did not fulfill the requirements of auditing properly. If the auditor would have done critical examination of the financial statements of Lehman Brothers, then it could identify the financial misstatements or manipulations done by the company. This particular case of Lehman Brothers indicates that the responsibility of the auditors is not limited; the auditors are responsible for each financial activity done by the client company. Conclusion: In this study, it has been identified that an auditor has huge liabilities. The liability of the auditor is not limited to fraud detection; the auditor is liable for maintaining strong internal control system and at the same time providing best financial suggestions to the company. During the discussion, the study has identified that there are mainly two types of audit that the auditors generally do statutory audit and internal audit. The study has also indicated that the liability of the auditor is not different in case of statutory audit and internal audit. The study has also identified several general liabilities of auditors and some of those liabilities or responsibilities are detecting the financial frauds or misstatements in the financial statements of the company, checking the internal control system of the company and suggesting the company proper financial reporting standards. At the same time, the study has also identified that auditors were liable for the global financial crisis during 2008. The study has found out that in case of Lehman Brothers collapse, the audit firm of the company that is Ernst Young was partially responsible. This is because the Ernst Young did not check properly the financial statements or reporting of the company. There were several signs, which were indicating the manipulations in the financial statement; however, Ernst Young ignored those. Recommendations: The above discussions in the study provide the following recommendations: Every audit firm must conduct critical analysis of each of the transaction taken place in the client company. The audit firm must raise questions to the management of the client company if any suspicious or unusual thing happens or noted in the financial statements. The audit firm must check the assets valuation model of each client company. Reference list: Antonia Garca-Benau, M., Sierra-Garcia, L. and Zorio, A., 2013. Financial crisis impact on sustainability reporting.Management decision,51(7), pp.1528-1542. Chen, L., Krishnan, G.V. and Yu, W., 2016. The Relation between Audit Fee Cuts during the Global Financial Crisis and Earnings Quality and Audit Quality. Ft.com. 2017. [online] Available at: https:///www.ft.com [Accessed 17 Jan. 2017]. Geiger, M.A., Raghunandan, K. and Riccardi, W., 2013. 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